part PART I Progress in the Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Alternatives -- chapter 1 Historical Developments in the Humane Care and Use of Research Animals: The First 4000 Years -- chapter 2 A History of Interagency Approaches to Alternatives and Establishment of the Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group -- chapter 3 The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM): Recent Progress in the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicity Testing Methods -- chapter 4 Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Test Methods: Current Situation in the European Union -- chapter 5 Integrated In Vitro Approaches for Assessing Systemic Toxicity -- chapter 6 Summary of the OECD's New Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment, and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation -- chapter 7 Pain and Distress Management in Animal Research and Testing: The Humane Society of the United States Pain and Distress Initiative* -- part PART II Development of Predictive Methods Based on Mechanisms of Eye Irritation at the Ocular Surface: Meeting Industry and Regulatory Needs -- chapter 8 Meeting Industry and Regulatory Needs for Alternative Test Methods to the Draize Rabbit Eye Irritation Test -- chapter 9 The Ocular Surface: Barrier Function and Mechanisms of Injury and Repair -- chapter 10 Evaluation and Refinement of the Bovine Cornea Opacity and Permeability Assay -- chapter 11 Corneal Organ Culture for Ocular Toxicity Test of Commercial Hair Care Products -- chapter 12 Human Corneal Equivalents for In Vitro Testing -- chapter 13 The EpiOcular Prediction Model: A Reproducible In Vitro Means of Assessing Ocular Irritancy -- chapter 14 Three-Dimensional Construct of the Human Corneal Epithelium for In Vitro Toxicology -- chapter 15 The Human Corneal Epithelial HCE-T TEP Assay for Eye Irritation: Scientific Relevance and Summary of Prevalidation Study Results -- part PART III Dermal Testing Alternatives -- chapter 16 Alternative Methods for Dermal Toxicity Testing -- chapter 17 Allergic Contact Hypersensitivity: Mechanisms and Methods* -- chapter 18 Validating In Vitro Dermal Absorption Studies: An Introductory Case Study -- chapter 19 A Molecular Diagnostic Approach to Irritant or Allergic Patch Testing Using the DermPatch -- chapter 20 In Vitro Skin Equivalent Models for Toxicity Testing -- chapter 21 Cellular Resistance of Tetrahymena to Sulfur Mustard -- chapter 22 Studies of Cellular Biochemical Changes Induced in Human Cells by Sulfur Mustard -- chapter 23 Human Keratinocyte Inflammatory Transcript Gene Activity Following Sulfur Mustard* -- chapter 24 Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Assays of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed In Vitro to Sulfur Mustard -- chapter 25 Comparison of Spectrophotometric and Fluorometric Assays of Proteolysis in Cultured Human Cells Exposed to Sulfur Mustard -- chapter 26 Effects of Low Dose Sulfur Mustard on Growth and DNA Damage in Human Cells in Culture -- chapter 27 Imaging Sulfur Mustard Lesions in Basal Cells and Human Epidermal Tissues by Confocal and Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy -- chapter 28 Suppression of Sulfur Mustard-Increased IL-8 in Human Keratinocyte Cell Cultures by Serine Protease Inhibitors: Implications for Toxicity and Medical Countermeasures* -- chapter 29 Development of Medical Countermeasures to Sulfur Mustard Vesication -- part PART V Neurotoxicology: Molecular Biomarkers, Transgenics, and Imaging Technologies -- chapter 30 Molecular Neurotoxicology of 6-Hydroxydopamine and Methamphetamine: Lessons Derived from Transgenic Models -- chapter 31 A Microassay Method Using a Neuroblastoma Cell Line to Examine Neurotoxicity of Organophosphate Mixtures -- chapter 32 Development of Integrin Expression as a Molecular Biomarker for Early, Sensitive Detection of Neurotoxicity -- chapter 33 Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy: A Review of Recent Advances in Deep-Tissue Imaging -- part PART VI Role of Transgenics and Toxicogenomics in the Development of Alternative Toxicity Tests -- chapter 34 The Application of Genomics and Proteomics to Toxicological Sciences -- chapter 35 Use of Transgenic Animals in Regulatory Carcinogenicity Evaluations* -- chapter 36 Changes in Gene Expression after Exposure to Organophosphorus (OP) Agents -- part PART VII Recent Innovations in Alternatives -- chapter 37 Archival Data in Toxicology: Minimizing Need for Animal Experiments -- chapter 38 Information Management at the Library of Congress: An Overview with Special Reference to Biomedicine* -- chapter 39 World Wide Web Biomedical, Chemical, and Toxicological Information Resources from the National Library of Medicine -- chapter 40 In Silico Approaches for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling -- chapter 41 In Silico Application of Quantum Chemical Methods for Relating Toxicity to Chemical Reactivity -- chapter 42 In Silico Cardiac Toxicity: Increasing the Discovery of Therapeutics through High-Performance Computing -- chapter 43 Submillimeter-Wave Frequency Studies of the Vibrational Modes of Deoxyribonucleic Acid: A Metric for Mutagenicity? -- chapter 44 Trophoblast Toxicity Assay (TTA): A Gestational Toxicity Test Using Human Placental Trophoblasts.