Preface -- 1 Introduction - Why Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells? -- 1.1 Need to Develop Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 1.2 Fabrication Strategy for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- References -- 2 Hybrid Perovskites and Solar Cells -- 2.1 Perovskite Materials -- 2.1.1 Three-Dimensional Perovskites -- 2.1.1.1 Lead-Based Perovskites -- 2.1.1.2 Lead-Tin-Mixed Perovskites -- 2.1.1.3 Tin-Based Perovskites -- 2.1.1.4 All Inorganic Perovskites -- 2.1.2 Low-Dimensional Perovskites -- 2.1.2.1 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) 2D Perovskites -- 2.1.2.2 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D Perovskites -- 2.1.2.3 One-/Zero-Dimensional (1D/0D) Perovskites -- 2.1.3 Single-Crystal Perovskites -- 2.1.4 Dynamics of Perovskite Crystal Growth -- 2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells -- 2.2.1 Working Principles of Perovskite Solar Cell -- 2.2.2 Configurations of Perovskite Solar Cell -- 2.2.2.1 n-i-p-Based Traditional Structure -- 2.2.2.2 p-i-n-Based Inverted Structure -- 2.2.2.3 Hole/Electron-Transport-Free Simple Structure -- 2.2.2.4 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells -- 2.2.2.5 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells -- 2.3 Limitations and Improvements of Energy Conversion in Perovskite Solar Cells -- 2.3.1 Limitation Parameters -- 2.3.1.1 Energy Gap -- 2.3.1.2 Interface Defects -- 2.3.2 Improvement of the Efficiency of Solar Cells -- References -- 3 Fundamentals and Benefits of Functional Composite Materials -- 3.1 Introduction to Composite Functional Materials -- 3.1.1 Definition of Composite Material -- 3.1.2 Properties of Composite Materials -- 3.1.3 Advantages of Composites for Perovskite Solar Cells -- 3.2 Development of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 3.2.1 Alloy Structure in A, B, or X Site -- 3.2.2 Composite Perovskites -- 3.2.3 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers -- 3.2.4 Composite-Based Electrodes -- References -- 4 Stability and Efficiency Loss Issues of Perovskite-Based Devices -- 4.1 Materials Instability -- 4.1.1 Moisture-Induced Perovskite Degradation -- 4.1.2 Photo-Induced Perovskite Degradation -- 4.1.3 Heat-Induced Perovskite Degradation -- 4.1.4 The Point Defects Induced Perovskite Degradation -- 4.1.5 Defects at Perovskite Film Surface/Buried Interfaces -- 4.1.6 Strain-Induced Perovskite Lattice Distortion and Phase Instability -- 4.1.7 Ions Migration of Perovskites -- 4.1.8 Device Efficiency Loss Induced by Materials Instability -- 4.2 Device Heterointerface Instability -- 4.2.1 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/ETL -- 4.2.2 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/HTL -- 4.2.3 Interaction with Metal Electrodes -- 4.2.4 Efficiency Loss Induced by Heterointerfaces Instability -- 4.3 Solutions for Instability Problems -- 4.3.1 Development of Perovskite Composites -- 4.3.2 Design of Device Structures -- 4.3.3 Robust Design of Device Encapsulation -- References -- 5 Composites-Based Charge-Transport and Interfacial Materials -- 5.1 Organic-Based Composites -- 5.1.1 ETL Materials -- 5.1.2 HTL Materials -- 5.2 Inorganic-Based Composites with Metal and Metal Oxide -- 5.2.1 ETL Materials -- 5.2.2 HTL Materials -- 5.3 Carbon-Based Composites -- 5.3.1 ETL Materials -- 5.3.2 HTL Materials -- 5.3.3 Carbon-Based Composites for Interfacial Layer -- References -- 6 Composite-Based Pb-Perovskite Materials as Absorbers -- 6.1 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- 6.1.1 Organic Ammonium Halides -- 6.1.2 Organic Small Molecules -- 6.1.3 Polymer-Based Materials -- 6.2 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- 6.2.1 Metal Oxides -- 6.2.2 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Metal Oxide-Based Composites -- 6.2.3 Carbon, Graphene, and Its Derivatives -- 6.2.4 Alkali Halide Additives -- 6.2.5 Others -- 6.3 Low-Dimensional (LD)/Three-Dimensional (3D) Heterostructure Perovskite Composites -- 6.3.1 2D-3D Composites -- 6.3.2 1D-3D Composites -- 6.3.3 0D-3D Composites -- 6.4 Quantum Dot (QD) Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- 6.4.1 Perovskite QD-Based Composites -- 6.4.2 Carbon QD-Based Composites -- 6.5 Reduced Film Strain by Composites-Based Perovskites -- 6.5.1 Reduce Lattice Strain by Compositional Design -- 6.5.2 Control Crystallization by Chemical Interaction -- 6.5.3 Facilitate Strain Release by Heterostructure Interfaces -- References -- 7 Composites-Based Pb-Free Perovskite Materials as Absorbers -- 7.1 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- 7.1.1 SnF 2 Additive -- 7.1.2 SnCl 2 Additive -- 7.1.3 Hydrazine Additive -- 7.1.4 Acidic Additive -- 7.1.5 Other Additives -- 7.2 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- 7.3 Carbon Additives-Based Perovskite Composites -- References -- 8 Composite-Based Perovskite Materials in Tandem Solar Cells -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Configuration of Perovskite-Based Tandems -- 8.2.1 Perovskite/Si Tandems -- 8.2.2 All Perovskite Tandems -- 8.2.3 Perovskite/Organic Tandems -- 8.2.4 Perovskite/CIGS Tandems -- 8.3 Perovskite Alloy-Based Composites as Absorbers -- 8.3.1 A-Site Alloy-Based Composites -- 8.3.2 X-Site Alloy-Based Composites -- 8.3.3 B-Site Alloy-Based Composites -- 8.4 Additives-Based Perovskite Composites as Absorbers -- 8.4.1 Additive-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites -- 8.4.2 Additive-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites -- 8.4.3 2D-3D-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites -- 8.4.4 2D-3D-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites -- 8.5 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) -- 8.5.1 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Si Tandems -- 8.5.2 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in All Perovskite Tandems -- 8.5.3 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Organic Tandems -- 8.6 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers -- 8.6.1 Composite-Based Hole Transport Layers in Tandems -- 8.6.2 Composite-Based Electron Transport Layers in Tandems -- 8.7 Composite-Based Interfacial Layers in Tandems -- 8.7.1 Composite-Based Buffer Layers -- 8.7.2 Composite-Based Passivation Layer -- References -- 9 Issues for Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells -- 9.1 Introduction to The Current Status of Perovskite Solar Cells -- 9.2 Solutions to Stability Issues -- 9.2.1 Evaluation Standards -- 9.2.2 Internal Encapsulation -- 9.2.3 External Encapsulation -- 9.3 Upscaling, Commercialization, and Challenges -- 9.3.1 Scalable Fabrication Methods -- 9.3.2 Module Design and Process -- 9.4 Status of Solar Modules Production -- 9.4.1 Module Efficiency -- 9.4.2 Market Prospect -- 9.4.3 The Toxicity Issues of Lead in Modules -- References -- 10 Characterization Methods for Composite-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 10.1 Composite-Based Perovskite Films Characterization -- 10.1.1 Growth Dynamics of Composite-Based Perovskites -- 10.1.2 Optical and Electrical Properties of Composite-Based Films -- 10.1.3 Heterogeneity of Composite-Based Films -- 10.1.4 Chemical Interactions and Simulations -- 10.1.4.1 Chemical Interactions -- 10.1.4.2 Simulations -- 10.2 Devices Characterization -- 10.2.1 Carrier Mobility and Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Trap Densities -- 10.2.3 Stability Characterization -- References -- 11 Perspectives and Future Work of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 11.1 Perspectives of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 11.2 Future Work for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells -- 11.2.1 Scale-Up Processing Technology -- 11.2.2 Green Production Technology -- 11.2.3 Cyclic Utilization of Lead Components for Perovskite Precursors -- References -- Index.