About the Editors xvii -- List of Contributors xix -- Introduction xxiii -- 1 Electrical Machines for Traction and Propulsion Applications 1 Ayman M. EL-Refaie -- 1.1 Introduction 1 -- 1.2 Light-Duty Vehicles 1 -- 1.3 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles 7 -- 1.4 Off-Highway Vehicles 9 -- 1.5 Locomotives 9 -- 1.6 Ship Propulsion 10 -- 1.7 High Specific Torque/Power Electrical Machines 13 -- 1.7.1 Electrical Machines for Land Vehicles 13 -- 1.7.2 Electrical Machines for Aerospace Applications 15 -- 1.7.3 Key System Tradeoffs and Considerations 21 -- 1.7.3.1 Specific Power vs Efficiency 21 -- 1.7.3.2 Fault Tolerance 21 -- 1.7.3.3 System Voltage 21 -- 1.7.3.4 Machine Controllability 22 -- 1.8 How Does the Future Look Like? 22 -- References 25 -- 2 Advances and Developments in Batteries and Charging Technologies 27 Satish Chikkannanavar and Gunho Kwak -- 2.1 Introduction 27 -- 2.2 Advances in Cathodes/Anodes Covering Energy Density Increase for EV Applications 27 -- 2.2.1 Cathode Challenges for High Energy Density 28 -- 2.2.2 Anode Challenges for High Energy Density 30 -- 2.3 High Power/Energy Cell Designs for xEVs 31 -- 2.4 Post Li-Ion Batteries: Solid-State Batteries 32 -- 2.4.1 Roadmap and Collaborative Relationships 33 -- 2.4.2 Current Development Status and Key Challenges 33 -- 2.5 Advances in Charging Batteries 36 -- 2.5.1 Methods of Fast Charging Batteries 36 -- 2.5.2 Li Plating Effects 37 -- 2.5.3 Overcharge Induced Thermal Runaway 38 -- 2.6 Degradation Considerations 40 -- 2.7 Future Outlook 42 -- Acronyms 43 -- References 43 -- 3 Applications of Wide Bandgap (WBG) Devices in the Transportation Sector. Recent Advances in (WBG) Semiconductor Material (e.g. Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride) and Circuit Topologies 47 Amir Ranjbar -- 3.1 History of Semiconductor Technology Evolution 47 -- 3.2 Semiconductor Technologies for Transportation Electrification 49 -- 3.2.1 Trends in Transportation Electrification 49 -- 3.3 Challenges Associated with GaNs in Practical Applications 53 -- 3.3.1 Device Physics Level Challenges with GaNs 53 -- 3.3.1.1 Electron Trapping 53 -- 3.3.1.2 Gate Edge Degradation 54 -- 3.3.1.3 Punch Through Current 54 -- 3.3.1.4 Substrate Choice 54 -- 3.3.2 Application Level Challenges with GaNs 55 -- 3.3.2.1 GaN's Narrow Gate Voltage Margin 55 -- 3.3.2.2 dv/dt Immunity and False Turn-On in GaN Devices 57 -- 3.3.2.3 di/dt Immunity in GaNs 57 -- 3.4 SiC-MOSFET Challenges in Transportation Electrification 58 -- 3.4.1 Low Gain of SiC-MOSFETs 58 -- 3.4.2 Fault Detection in SiC-MOSFETs 59 -- 3.4.3 Driving SiC-MOSFETs 60 -- 3.4.4 Maximum Gate Voltage Swing in SiC-MOSFETs 60 -- 3.4.5 Layout Considerations 61 -- 3.5 Advanced Power Module Packaging to Accommodate WBG Devices 61 -- 3.5.1 Advanced Substrate Materials 63 -- 3.5.2 Advanced Die Attach Methods 64 -- 3.5.3 Interconnection 64 -- 3.5.4 Advanced Encapsulation Materials 67 -- 3.5.5 Advanced Cooling Methods 68 -- 3.6 Summary 69 -- References 70 -- 4 An Overview of Inductive Power Transfer Technology for Static and Dynamic EV Battery Charging 73 Ahmed A. S. Mohamed, Ahmed A. Shaier, and Hamid Metwally -- 4.1 Introduction 73 -- 4.2 IPT System Components 74 -- 4.3 Static IPT System 75 -- 4.3.1 Coupler Components 76 -- 4.3.2 Structures of Inductive Pad 78 -- 4.3.3 Research and Development (R&D) and Standardization Activities 79 -- 4.4 Dynamic IPT System 83 -- 4.4.1 DIPT with a Single Long Coil Track 84 -- 4.4.2 DIPT with Segmented Coil Array 86 -- 4.4.3 R&D and Standardization Activities 90 -- 4.4.3.1 Historical Background 90 -- 4.4.3.2 R&D on DIPT 91 -- 4.5 Quasi-Dynamic IPT System 94 -- 4.6 Technology Challenges and Opportunities 94 -- 4.7 Conclusion 95 -- References 95 -- 5 Effectiveness Analysis of Control Strategies in Acoustic Noise and Vibration Reduction of PMSM-Driven Coupled System for EV and HEV Applications 105 Rishi Kant Thakur, Rajesh Manjibhai Pindoriya, Rajeev Kumar, and Bharat Singh Rajpurohit -- 5.1 Chapter Organization 105 -- 5.2 Origin of ANV and its Consequences in the PMSM-Based Coupled System 105 -- 5.2.1 Mechanical Noise 106 -- 5.2.2 Electromagnetic Noise 106 -- 5.2.3 Aerodynamic Sources 108 -- 5.3 Recent Trends of Control Strategies for ANV Reduction 108 -- 5.3.1 Control Aspects at the Site of Vibration (Mechanical) 108 -- 5.3.2 Control Aspects at the Source of Vibration (Electrical) 109 -- 5.4 Detailing of PMSM-Driven Experimental Setup 111 -- 5.5 Methodology of Various Control Strategies and Their Implementation for ANV Reduction 113 -- 5.5.1 Pseudorandom Triangular Pulse Width Modulation Technique (PTPWM) 113 -- 5.5.2 Random Pulse Position Pulse Width Modulation Technique (RPPM) 114 -- 5.6 Analysis of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 116 -- 5.7 Implementation of MPF Accuracy Enhancement Technique in Lumped Model for Number of Modes or DoF Selection 118 -- 5.7.1 Mathematical Modeling of Torsional Vibration Equation for All Lumped Elements 118 -- 5.7.2 Calculation of Parameters Required in Resonance Response of Torsional Vibration 120 -- 5.7.3 Natural Frequency, Mode Shape, and Orthonormalization of Modes 120 -- 5.7.4 Calculation of Computationally Optimum Number of Lumped Elements 123 -- 5.7.4.1 Calculation of Coefficient Vector {L} 123 -- 5.7.4.2 Calculation of Model Participation Factor (MPF) 123 -- 5.7.4.3 Calculation of Effective Mass 123 -- 5.8 Extended Mathematical Modeling for the Effectiveness of Control Strategies Over Torsional Vibration Reduction 125 -- 5.8.1 Calculation of Generalized Damping Matrix ([Cg]) 126 -- 5.8.2 Calculation of Generalized Torque Corresponding to Each Control Strategy 127 -- 5.9 Results and Discussion 128 -- 5.9.1 Validation of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 128 -- 5.9.2 Analysis of Dynamic Response Corresponding to Various Control Strategies 128 -- 5.9.3 Simulation Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 128 -- 5.9.4 Experimental Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 131 -- 5.10 Conclusions and Future Scope 136 -- References 136 -- 6 Challenges and Applications of Blockchain Technology in Electric Road Vehicles 139 Nabeel Mehdi -- 6.1 Mobility and Electric Vehicles 139 -- 6.2 Electric Vehicle Overview 140 -- 6.3 Challenges of the Electric Vehicle Industry 141 -- 6.3.1 Range Anxiety 141 -- 6.3.2 Lengthy Charging Times 142 -- 6.3.3 Battery Safety Concerns 142 -- 6.3.4 Lack of Standardization 143 -- 6.3.5 Electricity Grid Disruption 144 -- 6.3.6 Battery Waste 146 -- 6.3.7 Cyber-Security Hazard 146 -- 6.4 Applications of Blockchain Technology 146 -- 6.4.1 Energy Blockchain Ledger 148 -- 6.4.2 Blockchain-Powered Billing in E-mobility Systems 148 -- 6.4.3 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) Ecosystem 150 -- 6.4.4 Electric Vehicle Battery Management with Blockchain 151 -- 6.4.5 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 151 -- 6.4.6 Blockchain-Enabled Security in Electric Vehicles Computing 152 -- 6.4.7 Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based EV Charging 153 -- 6.4.8 Battery Analytics 153 -- 6.4.9 Supply-Chain Traceability and Provenance 154 -- 6.5 Vehicle Insurance Management 155 -- 6.5.1 Electric Vehicle Crypto Mining 155 -- 6.6 Summary 156 -- References 157 -- 7 Starter/Generator Systems and Solid-State Power Controllers 159 Tao Yang, Xiaoyu Lang, and Zhen Huang -- 7.1 Background 159 -- 7.2 Future Design Options 160 -- 7.3 The Starters/Generators and Their Power Electronics Control 162 -- 7.4 System Analysis and Control Design 163 -- 7.4.1 Current Control Design 164 -- 7.4.2 Field-Weakening Control Design 167 -- 7.4.3 Analysis and Control Design of the DC Voltage Loop 170 -- 7.4.4 DC Bus Voltage Control: The Control Plant 170 -- 7.4.5 DC Bus Voltage Control Design 172 -- 7.4.6 Simulation Results of the Single-Bus Power-Generation Center 176 -- 7.4.7 Appendix 178 -- 7.5 The Solid-State Power Controllers and the Protection Features 180 -- 7.5.1 Background of Solid-State Power Controllers 180 -- 7.5.2 Design of Solid-State Power Controllers 181 -- 7.5.3 Protection of Solid-State Power Controllers 182 -- References 186 -- 8 DC-DC Converter and On-board DC Microgrid Stability 189 Giampaolo Buticchi and Jiajun Yang -- 8.1 Introduction 189 -- 8.2 The Dual Active Bridge Converter 189 -- 8.3 The LLC Series-Resonant Converter 192 -- 8.4 Constant Power Load 194 -- 8.5 Stability Criteria 194 -- 8.6 Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis 196 -- 8.6.1 Impedance Model of PMSG 196 -- 8.6.2 Controller Design 197 -- 8.6.3 Impedance Model of DAB Converter 199 -- 8.6.4 Impedance-Based Stability

Analysis 201 -- 8.6.5 Specifications 202 -- 8.6.6 Impedance Model Validation 203 -- 8.6.7 System Instability 204 -- 8.6.8 Proposed Control Techniques for Stabilization 204 -- 8.7 Conclusion 206 -- References 206 -- 9 Packed U-Cell Inverter and Its Variants with Fault Tolerant Capabilities for More Electric Aircraft 209 Haroon Rehman, Mohd Tariq, Hasan Iqbal, Arif I. Sarwat, and Adil Sarwar -- 9.1 Introduction 209 -- 9.2 Power System Architecture in MEA 210 -- 9.3 Power Converters in MEA 212 -- 9.4 PUC Topologies and Control 215 -- 9.5 Fault Tolerant Capability of PUC Inverter 218 -- 9.6 Results and Discussion 220 -- 9.7 Conclusions 225 -- Acknowledgments 225 -- References 226 -- 10 Standards and Regulations Pertaining to Aircraft 231 Lujia Chen, Prem Ranjan, Qinghua Han, Abir Alabani, and Ian Cotton -- 10.1 Introduction 231 -- 10.2 Power Generation 232 -- 10.2.1 Characteristics of Aircraft Electrical Systems 232 -- 10.2.2 Electrical Machines 233 -- 10.2.3 Power Conversion 234 -- 10.2.4 Batteries 235 -- 10.2.5 Challenges for Higher Voltage Aerospace Systems 236 -- 10.3 Cable 236 -- 10.3.1 Cable Component and Type 236 -- 10.3.2 Digital Data and Signal Transmission 237 -- 10.3.3 Cable Identification Marking 237 -- 10.3.4 Cable Test Specifications 238 -- 10.4 Connectors and Contacts 238 -- 10.4.1 Classifi ...