Acronyms -- About the authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Overview 1 -- 1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 3 -- 1.3 Microgrid Structure 5 -- 1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 9 -- 1.5 Microgrids-integrated Power Grids 12 -- 1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 14 -- 1.7 The Book Content and Organization 18 -- Bibliography 22 -- 2 Microgrids Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 29 -- 2.1 Introduction 29 -- 2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 35 -- 2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 36 -- 2.3.1 State-space (Small-signal) Modeling 37 -- 2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 49 -- 2.3.3 Simplification Methods 50 -- 2.3.4 Prony Analysis 58 -- 2.3.5 Large-signal Modeling 61 -- 2.4 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 62 -- 2.4.1 DC-AC Converter (Inverter) 62 -- 2.4.2 AC-DC Converter (Rectifier) 64 -- 2.4.3 DC-DC Converter (Chopper) 65 -- 2.4.4 LC Filter 69 -- 2.4.5 Power Network 69 -- 2.4.6 Loads 74 -- 2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 82 -- 2.5 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 102 -- 2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 102 -- 2.5.2 Secondary Control 114 -- 2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 117 -- 2.6 Large-signal Modeling: An Example 118 -- 2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 118 -- 2.6.2 Nonlinear State-space Representation 122 -- 2.7 Summary 123 -- Bibliography 124 -- 3 Microgrids Overall Modeling and Case Studies 139 -- 3.1 Introduction 139 -- 3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 141 -- 3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 142 -- 3.2.2 Microgrid General State-space Model 143 -- 3.2.3 Grid Model 144 -- 3.3 Small-signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 145 -- 3.3.1 Grid-Connected PV 145 -- 3.3.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 147 -- 3.3.3 Isolated AC Microgrids: Detailed Models 149 -- 3.3.4 Isolated AC Microgrids: Sensitivity Analysis-based -- Simplified Model 151 -- 3.3.5 Isolated AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-order Model 158 -- 3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 162 -- 3.4 Large-signal Modeling of Microgrids 167 -- 3.4.1 Model Validation 170 -- 3.4.2 Time-domain Simulations 171 -- 3.5 Summary 172 -- Bibliography 174 -- 4 Microgrids Stability 181 -- 4.1 Introduction 181 -- 4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 183 -- 4.3 Basic Requirements 188 -- 4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 188 -- 4.3.2 Participation Matrix 189 -- 4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 191 -- 4.4 Small-signal Stability Analysis 192 -- 4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 194 -- 4.4.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 203 -- 4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 206 -- 4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 227 -- 4.5 Transient Stability 230 -- 4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 231 -- 4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 235 -- 4.6 Summary 241 -- Bibliography 245 -- 5 Microgrids Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 255 -- 5.1 Introduction 255 -- 5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 256 -- 5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 256 -- 5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 258 -- 5.2.3 Control Architectures 262 -- 5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 266 -- 5.3.1 Introduction 266 -- 5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 269 -- 5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 275 -- 5.4 Hierarchical Control 278 -- 5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 278 -- 5.4.2 Control Layers 280 -- 5.5 Primary Control 283 -- 5.5.1 Droop Control 286 -- 5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 303 -- 5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids -- 305 -- 5.6 Secondary Control 309 -- 5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 310 -- 5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 315 -- 5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 316 -- 5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 322 -- 5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC -- Microgrids 327 -- 5.7 Central Control 331 -- 5.8 Global Control 333 -- 5.9 Summary 334 -- Bibliography 335 -- 6 Advances in Microgrid Control 357 -- 6.1 Introduction 357 -- 6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 359 -- 6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 361 -- 6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 365 -- 6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with -- Constant Power Loads 371 -- 6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition -- of AC Microgrids 383 -- 6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 396 -- 6.3.1 Concept and Structure 397 -- 6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 399 -- 6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 405 -- 6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 413 -- 6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-physical System 413 -- 6.4.2 Communication Requirements 415 -- 6.4.3 Cyber Security 417 -- 6.4.4 Event-triggered Control 428 -- 6.5 Summary 438 -- Bibliography 439 -- 7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 473 -- 7.1 Introduction 473 -- 7.2 An Overview 477 -- 7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 480 -- 7.4 Benefits, Challenges and Research Fields 484 -- 7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 487 -- 7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 489 -- 7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 489 -- 7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 490 -- 7.6.3 IMG Control 491 -- 7.7 Summary 492 -- Bibliography 492 -- 8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 515 -- 8.1 Introduction 515 -- 8.2 Interconnection Method 517 -- 8.3 Module Modeling 521 -- 8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 522 -- 8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 533 -- 8.3.3 Back-to-back Converter Modeling 535 -- 8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 544 -- 8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 545 -- 8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 545 -- 8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 547 -- 8.5 Model Validation 550 -- 8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 550 -- 8.5.2 Real-time Simulator 552 -- 8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 554 -- 8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 559 -- 8.6 Reduced-order Models 560 -- 8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency -- Control 562 -- 8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 563 -- 8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-order Models 564 -- 8.7 Summary 567 -- Bibliography 569 -- 9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 579 -- 9.1 Introduction 579 -- 9.2 IMG Stability Review 581 -- 9.3 Small-signal Stability Analysis 582 -- 9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 583 -- 9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 585 -- 9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 588 -- 9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 593 -- 9.4.1 CB-IMGs 593 -- 9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 594 -- 9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs: -- BTBC DC Voltage 602 -- 9.5.1 Energy-based Transient Stability Analysis 602 -- 9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 604 -- 9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 609 -- 9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 610 -- 9.5.5 Time-domain Simulations 611 -- 9.6 Summary 618 -- Bibliography 620 -- 10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 625 -- 10.1 Introduction 625 -- 10.2 Overview on IMG Control 628 -- 10.2.1 CB-IMGs 630 -- 10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 631 -- 10.2.3 DC-IMGs 634 -- 10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 634 -- 10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 636 -- 10.3.2 Virtual Inertia Control 637 -- 10.4 Power sharing Control for CB-IMGs 640 -- 10.5 Power Exchange Control for BTBC-IMGs 644 -- 10.5.1 Prerequisites of Individual Microgrid Control 644 -- 10.5.2 Interlinking Back-to-back Converter Control 651 -- 10.5.3 Simulation Results for Planned BTBC-IMG Power -- Exchange 653 -- 10.6 Emergency Control for BTBC-IMGs 661 -- 10.6.1 Logical Control 665 -- 10.6.2 Generalized Droop Control 669 -- 10.6.3 Coordination of BTBC Emergency Controls 672 -- 10.6.4 Real-time Simulation Results 673 -- 10.7 Summary 682 -- Bibliography 684 -- 11 Synchronization in Interconnected Microgrids 695 -- 11.1 Introduction 695 -- 11.2 Synchronization Control Requirements 697 -- 11.2.1 Basic Control of CB-IMGs 698 -- 11.2.2 Synchronization Control of CB-IMGs 700 -- 11.3 Inrush Power Analysis 702 -- 11.3.1 Modeling of Inrush Power 702 -- 11.3.2 Impact of PCC Voltage Parameters on the Inrush -- Power 705 -- 11.3.3 Impact of X/R Ratio and Impedance Value on the -- Inrush Power 706 -- 11.4 Small-signal Modeling and Stability Analysis 709 -- 11.4.1 Small-signal Modeling of IMGs 709 -- 11.4.2 Small-signal Stability Analysis 712 -- 11.5 Transient Stability Assessment 715 -- 11.5.1 Transition During Synchronization 715 -- 11.5.2 Time-domain Simulations 717 -- 11.6 Summary 721 -- Bibliography 724 --  .