Preface -- 1 Application of Organic Functional Additives in Batteries -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fluorinated Additives -- 1.2.1 Functions of Fluorinated Additives -- 1.2.1.1 Improvement of Safety Performance -- 1.2.1.2 SEI-Forming Additives -- 1.2.1.3 High Oxidation Stability -- 1.2.1.4 Promotion of the Formation of Anion-Rich Solvation Structure -- 1.2.1.5 Reduction of Desolvation Barrier -- 1.2.2 Synergies of Fluoroethylene Carbonate with Other Compounds -- 1.2.2.1 Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Other Fluorinated Electrolytes -- 1.2.2.2 Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Lewis Base -- 1.2.2.3 Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Glyme -- 1.2.3 Drawbacks of Fluoroethylene Carbonate -- 1.2.3.1 Generation of HF Gas -- 1.2.3.2 Increase of Impedance and Loss of Impedance -- 1.2.3.3 Incompatibility with Other Electrodes -- 1.2.3.4 Recycling Issues -- 1.3 Nitro Additive -- 1.3.1 Functions of Nitro (NO - 3) -- 1.3.1.1 Participation in Solvation and Desolvation Structures -- 1.3.1.2 Formation of Inorganic-Rich SEI -- 1.3.1.3 CEI-Forming Additives -- 1.3.1.4 Functions in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries -- 1.3.1.5 Stabilization of Water Molecules -- 1.3.2 Organic Nitro Additive -- 1.3.2.1 Complex Nitrate-Based Additives -- 1.3.2.2 Complex Nitro-Based Additives -- 1.3.3 Drawbacks and Solutions of Nitro Additives -- 1.3.3.1 Low Solubility -- 1.3.3.2 Sacrificial Additives -- 1.3.3.3 High Decomposition Activation Energy of LiNO 3 -- 1.4 Nitrile Additives -- 1.4.1 Functions of Nitrile Additives -- 1.4.1.1 Plasticization -- 1.4.1.2 Facilitation of Ion Transport -- 1.4.1.3 Promotion of Lithium Salt Dissolution -- 1.4.1.4 Widening of the Electrochemical Window -- 1.4.1.5 Inhibiting the Decomposition of the Electrolyte -- 1.4.1.6 Low Flammability -- 1.4.1.7 Improvement of Polymer Flexibility -- 1.4.1.8 Modification of the Cathode Interface -- 1.4.1.9 Involvement in the Solvation Structure of Zn 2+ -- 1.4.1.10 Weakening of Ionic Association -- 1.4.1.11 Contribution to the Formation of SEI -- 1.4.2 Compatibility Analysis of Nitrile and Lithium Metal -- 1.4.2.1 Incompatibility of Nitrile and Lithium Metal -- 1.4.2.2 Improvement of the Compatibility of Nitrile and Lithium Metal -- 1.4.3 Other Drawbacks of Nitrile Additives -- 1.4.3.1 Low Mechanical Strength -- 1.4.3.2 Prone to Polymerization -- 1.4.3.3 Crystallinity -- 1.5 Phosphate Ester Additives -- 1.5.1 Functions of Phosphate Ester Additives -- 1.5.1.1 Flame Retardant -- 1.5.1.2 Stabilization of Cathodes and Anodes -- 1.5.1.3 Involvement in Solvation Structure Regulation -- 1.5.2 Drawbacks of Phosphate Ester -- 1.5.2.1 Incompatibility with Anodes -- 1.5.2.2 Improvement of the Compatibility of Phosphate Ester and Lithium Metal -- 1.6 Sulfate Ester Additives -- 1.6.1 Functions of Sulfate Ester Additives -- 1.6.1.1 SEI-Forming Additives -- 1.6.1.2 CEI-Forming Additives -- 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 2 Application of Biopolymers in Batteries -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Overview of Biopolymers -- 2.2.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) -- 2.2.2 Chitosan (CS) -- 2.2.3 Sodium Alginate (SA) -- 2.2.4 Lignin -- 2.2.5 Gum Arabic (GA) -- 2.2.6 Guar Gum (GG) -- 2.2.7 Xanthan Gum (XG) -- 2.2.8 Starch -- 2.2.9 Gelatin -- 2.2.10 Tragacanth Gum (TG) -- 2.2.11 Cellulose (CLS) -- 2.2.12 Trehalose (THL) -- 2.2.13 Citrulline (Cit) -- 2.2.14 Pectin -- 2.2.15 Carrageenan -- 2.3 Application of Biopolymers in Binders -- 2.3.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose -- 2.3.2 Chitosan -- 2.3.3 Sodium Alginate -- 2.3.4 Lignin -- 2.3.5 Gum Arabic -- 2.3.6 Guar Gum and Xanthan Gum -- 2.3.7 Starch -- 2.3.8 Gelatin -- 2.3.9 Tragacanth Gum (TG) -- 2.4 Application of Biopolymers in Electrolytes -- 2.4.1 Cellulose -- 2.4.2 Chitosan -- 2.4.3 Lignin -- 2.4.4 Gelatin -- 2.5 Application of Biopolymers in Electrolyte Additives -- 2.5.1 Cellulose -- 2.5.2 Trehalose -- 2.5.3 Citrulline -- 2.5.4 Pectin -- 2.6 Application of Biopolymers in Separators -- 2.6.1 Cellulose -- 2.6.2 Starch -- 2.6.3 Carrageenan -- 2.7 Application of Biopolymers in Anode Functional Layers -- 2.7.1 Cellulose -- 2.7.2 Chitosan and Sodium Alginate -- 2.8 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 3A Application of Synthetic Polymers in Batteries: Carbon-chain Polymers -- 3A.1 Introduction -- 3A.2 Overview of Synthetic Polymers Materials -- 3A.2.1 Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) -- 3A.2.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -- 3A.2.3 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) -- 3A.2.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) -- 3A.2.5 Polyacrylics (PA) -- 3A.2.6 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) -- 3A.2.7 Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) -- 3A.2.8 Polyolefin (PO) -- 3A.3 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Binders -- 3A.3.1 Polyvinylidene Difluoride -- 3A.3.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3A.3.3 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 3A.3.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 3A.3.5 Polyacrylics -- 3A.4 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Electrolytes -- 3A.4.1 Polyvinylidene Difluoride -- 3A.4.2 Polyacrylonitrile -- 3A.4.3 Polyacrylics -- 3A.4.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 3A.5 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Battery Separators -- 3A.5.1 Polyolefin -- 3A.5.2 Polyvinylidene Difluoride -- 3A.5.3 Polyacrylonitrile -- 3A.5.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 3A.6 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Anodes -- 3A.6.1 Polyacrylonitrile -- 3A.6.2 Polyacrylics -- 3A.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 3B Application of Synthetic Polymers in Batteries: Hetero-chain Polymers -- 3B.1 Introduction -- 3B.2 Overview of Synthetic Polymers Materials -- 3B.2.1 Epoxy Resin (EPR) -- 3B.2.2 Polyethylenimine (PEI) -- 3B.2.3 Polyurethane (PU) -- 3B.2.4 Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) -- 3B.2.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) -- 3B.2.6 Polyimide (PI) -- 3B.3 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Binders -- 3B.3.1 Epoxy Resin -- 3B.3.2 Polyethylenimine -- 3B.3.3 Polyurethane -- 3B.3.4 Polyimide -- 3B.4 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Electrolytes -- 3B.4.1 Epoxy Resin -- 3B.4.2 Polyurethane -- 3B.4.3 Polyethylene Oxide -- 3B.4.4 Polyimide -- 3B.5 Application of Synthetic Polymers in Battery Separators -- 3B.5.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 3B.5.2 Polyimide -- 3B.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 4 Application of Nontraditional Organic Ionic Conductors in Batteries -- 4.1 Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Introduction of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 Development of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.3 Catalog of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.4 Advantages of Ionic Liquids for Batteries -- 4.1.5 Synthesis and Characterization Method of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.6 Application of Ionic Liquids -- 4.2 Application of ILs in Batteries -- 4.2.1 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte -- 4.2.2 Ionic Liquid/Organic Solvent Electrolyte -- 4.2.3 Organic-Inorganic Composite Ionic Liquid Electrolyte -- 4.3 Single-Ion Conductive -- 4.3.1 Introduction of Single-Ion Conductive -- 4.3.2 Catalog of Single-Ion Conductive -- 4.4 Application of Single-Ion Conductive in Batteries -- 4.4.1 Organic Single-Ion Conductor Electrolyte -- 4.4.2 Organic-Inorganic Composite Single-Ion Conductor Electrolyte -- 4.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5 Application of Self-Healing Materials in Batteries -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 The Need for Battery Innovation -- 5.1.2 Overview of Self-Healing Materials -- 5.1.3 Benefits of Self-Healing Technologies in Batteries -- 5.1.4 Challenges in Scaling and Commercializing Self-Healing Materials -- 5.2 Types of Self-Healing Materials for Battery Applications -- 5.2.1 Physically Bonded Self-Healing Materials -- 5.2.2 Chemically Bonded Self-Healing Materials -- 5.2.3 Composite Self-Healing Materials with Multiple Repair Mechanisms -- 5.3 Applications of Self-Healing Materials in Batteries -- 5.3.1 Gel Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.3.2 Solid Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.3.3 Composite Electrolytes -- 5.3.4 Electrode Binders -- 5.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6 Application of Low-Dimensional Materials in Batteries -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Lithium-Metal Batteries -- 6.1.2 Low-Dimensional Composite Materials -- 6.2 Low-Dimensional Composite Cathode Materials -- 6.2.1 Composite Methods for Low-Dimensional Cathode Materials -- 6.2.2 One-Dimensional Materials in Cathode -- 6.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Materials -- 6.2.2.2 Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Materials -- 6.2.3 Two-Dimensional Materials in Cathode -- 6.2.3.1 Graphene Materials -- 6.2.3.2 MXene Materials -- 6.3 Low-Dimensional Composite Materials in Separators -- 6.3.1 Zero-Dimensional Materials in Separator.

s -- 6.3.2 One-Dimensional Materials in Separators -- 6.3.3 Two-Dimensional Materials in Separators -- 6.4 Low-Dimensional Composite Current Collectors -- 6.4.1 Design of Current Collector -- 6.4.2 Nanocomposite Current Collectors -- 6.5 Low-Dimensional Composite Anode Materials -- 6.5.1 Formation of SEI and Failure Mechanism -- 6.5.2 Nanocomposite Lithium Metal Anodes -- 6.5.3 Low-Dimensional Materials in 3D-Printing Anodes -- 6.6 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 7 Applications of Porous Organic Framework Materials in Batteries -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Overview of Energy Demand and Battery Technologies -- 7.1.2 Limitations of Traditional Battery Material -- 7.1.3 Potential of Porous Organic Framework Materials for Energy Storage -- 7.2 Types of Porous Organic Framework Materials -- 7.2.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 7.2.1.1 Types of MOFs -- 7.2.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) -- 7.2.2.1 Types of COFs -- 7.2.3 Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks (HOFs) -- 7.2.3.1 Types of HOF -- 7.3 Applications of Porous Organic Framework Materials in Batteries -- 7.3.1 Applications in Electrode Materials -- 7.3.1.1 MOF as Electrode Materials -- 7.3.1.2 COF as Electrode Materials -- 7.3.1.3 HOF as Electrode Materials -- 7.3.2 Applications in Electrolytes and Electrolyte Additives -- 7.3.2.1 MOF as Electrolytes and Electrolyte Additives -- 7.3.2.2 COF as Electrolytes and Electrolyte Additives -- 7.3.2.3 HOF as Electrolytes and Electrolyte Additives -- 7.3.3 Applications in Catalysts and Catalyst Supports -- 7.3.3.1 MOF as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports -- 7.3.3.2 COF as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports -- 7.3.3.3 HOF as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports -- 7.3.4 Applications in Battery Separators -- 7.3.4.1 MOF as Battery Separator -- 7.3.4.2 COF as Battery Separator -- 7.3.4.3 HOF as Battery Separator -- 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- 7.4.1 Conclusion -- 7.4.2 Outlook -- References -- Index.