1. Introduction / Claude Amiard-Triquet and Jean-Claude Amiard -- 2. History of biomarkers / Michl̈e Romǒ and Laure Giambřini -- 3. Biomarkers of defense, tolerance, and ecological consequences / Claude Amiard-Triquet, Carole Cossu-Leguille, and Catherine Mouneyrac -- 4. Molecular and histocytological biomarkers / Jean-Claude Amiard and Claude Amiard-Triquet -- 5. Linking lysosomal biomarkers and ecotoxicological effects at higher biological levels / Michael N. Moore ... [et al.] -- 6. Linking immunotoxicity and ecotoxicological effects at higher biological levels / Pauline Brousseau ... [et al.] -- 7. Sentinel species / Brigitte Berthet -- 8. Impairments of endocrine functions : causes and consequences / Jean-Claude Amiard ... [et al.] -- 9. Impairments of endocrine functions : case studies / Matthew J. Gubbins ... [et al.] -- 10. Behavioral ecotoxicology / Claude Amiard-Triquet and Jean-Claude Amiard -- 11. Origin of energy metabolism impairments / Odile Dedourge-Geffard ... [et al.] -- 12. Consequences of energy metabolism impairments / Catherine Mouneyrac, Cyril Durou, and Alexandre Přy -- 13. Biomarkers of genotoxicity for in situ studies at individual and population levels / Paule Vasseur ... [et al.] -- 14. Evolutionary toxicology and transcriptomic approaches / Justine Marchand, Fran?ise Denis, and Jean Laroche -- 15. Biomarkers currently used in environmental monitoring / Tracy K. Collier ... [et al.] -- 16. Conclusions : biomarkers in environmental risk assessment / Claude Amiard-Triquet, Jean-Claude Amiard, and Philip S. Rainbow.