chapter Introduction -- part Section 1. Structure of Fungal Communities -- chapter 1 Linking Function between Scales of Resolution -- chapter 2 Fungal Communities: Their Diversity and Distribution -- chapter 3 Freshwater Fungal Communities -- chapter 4 Marine Fungal Communities -- chapter 5 Tropical Fungi -- chapter 6 Lichens and Microfungi in Biological Soil Crusts: Community Structure, Physiology, and Ecological Functions -- chapter 7 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Successional Environments: A Community Assembly Model Incorporating Host Plant, Environmental, and Biotic Filters -- chapter 8 Fungal Communities: Relation to Resource Succession -- chapter 9 Emerging Perspectives on the Ecological Roles of Endophytic Fungi in Tropical Plants -- chapter 10 Classical Methods and Modern Analysis for Studying Fungal Diversity -- chapter 11 Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: Profiling, Identification, and Quantification in the Environment -- chapter 12 Analytical and Experimental Methods for Estimating Population Genetic Structure of Fungi -- chapter 13 Interspecific Interaction Terminology: From Mycology to General Ecology -- part Section 2. Function of Fungal Communities -- chapter 14 Fungal Activity as Determined by Microscale Methods with Special Emphasis on Interactions with Heavy Metals -- chapter 15 Exploring Fungal Activity with Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy -- chapter 16 Enzymatic Activities of Mycelia in Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities -- chapter 17 Fungal Enzymes at the Community Scale -- chapter 18 Using Isotopic Tracers to Follow Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling of Fungi -- chapter 19 Diversity-Functioning Relationships in Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities -- chapter 20 Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses as Pathogens of the Fungal Community -- chapter 21 Fungal Endophytes in Terrestrial Communities and Ecosystems -- chapter 22 Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Mediation of Plant-Plant Interactions -- chapter 23 Impacts of Plant Pathogenic Fungi on Plant Communities -- chapter 24 The Epichloe Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum -- chapter 25 Evolutionary Development of the Clavicipitaceae -- chapter 26 Ecological Fitness Factors for Fungi within the Balansieae and Clavicipiteae -- chapter 27 Fungal Communities of Seaweeds -- chapter 28 Trophic Interactions of Fungi and Animals -- chapter 29 Sporocarp Mycophagy: Nutritional, Behavioral, Evolutionary, and Physiological Aspects -- chapter 30 Hypogeous Fungi: Evolution of Reproductive and Dispersal Strategies through Interactions with Animals and Mycorrhizal Plants -- part Section 3. Human Impacts on Fungal Communitites and Their Function -- chapter 31 Human Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: An Overview -- chapter 32 Oligotrophic Growth of Fungi -- chapter 33 Fungal Communities of Desert Ecosystems: Links to Climate Change -- chapter 34 Symbiotic Lifestyle Expression by Fungal Endophytes and the Adaptation of Plants to Stress: Unraveling the Complexities of Intimacy -- chapter 35 Biological Soil Crusts and Global Changes: What Does the Future Hold? -- chapter 36 Nutrient Acquisition Strategies of Fungi and Their Relation to Elevated Atmospheric CO2 / chapter 37 Toxic Metals and Fungal Communities / chapter 38 Radionuclides and Fungal Communities / chapter 39 How Do Composition, Structure, and Function of Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Respond to Nitrogen Deposition and Ozone Exposure? / chapter 40 Micromycete Associations in the Rhizosphere of Steppe and Agrophytocenose Plants / chapter 41 Fungal Communities of Agroecosystems / chapter 42 Effects of Forest Management on Fungal Communities / chapter 43 Exotic Species and Fungi: Interactions with Fungal, Plant, and Animal Communities / part Section 4. Preserving Fungal Communities -- chapter 44 Fungal Conservation: Some Impressions — A Personal View