Preface (Takeshi Furuichi) -- Part I Dispersing Ateline Females -- 1 Dispersal Patterns of Female Northern Muriquis: Implications for Social Dynamics, Life History and Conservation (Karen B. Strier, Carla B. Possamai, and Sérgio L. Mendes) -- 2 Association Networks and Life History of Female Spider Monkeys (Yukiko Shimooka) -- 3 Social Interactions and Proximal Spacing in Woolly Monkeys: Lonely Females Looking for Male Friends? (Pablo R. Stevenson, Diego A. Zárate, Mónica A. Ramírez and Francisco Henao-Díaz) -- Part II Dispersing Hominine Females -- 4 Dispersal Patterns of Females in the Genus Gorilla (Andrew M. Robbins and Martha M. Robbins) -- 5 Sex Differences in Ranging and Association Patterns in Chimpanzees in Comparison with Bonobos (Chie Hashimoto and Takeshi Furuichi) -- 6 Intergroup Transfer of Females and Social Relationships Between Immigrants and Residents in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Societies (Tetsuya Sakamaki, Isabel Behncke, Marion Laporte, Mbangi Mulavwa, Heungjin Ryu, Hiroyuki Takemoto, Nahoko Tokuyama, Shinya Yamamoto and Takeshi Furuichi) -- 7 Human Female Dispersal and Social Organization: A Case of Central African Hunter-Gatherers (Naoki Matsuura ) -- 8 Life History and Sexual Relationships of Female Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers (Kaoru Imamura) -- Part III Evolution of Female Dispersal -- 9 Complexities of Understanding Female Dispersal in Primates (Phyllis C. Lee and Karen B. Strier) -- 10 Factors Influencing Grooming Social Networks: Insights from Comparisons of Colobines with Different Dispersal Patterns (Ikki Matsuda, Keiichi Fukaya, Cristian Pasquaretta and Cédric Sueur) -- 11 Evolution of Hominid Life History Strategy and Origin of Human Family (Juichi Yamagiwa) -- BM Conclusion (Filippo Aureli) -- Index.