Elements (Sound : pitch, dynamics, tone color. Performing media : voices and instruments. Rhythm. Music notation. Melody. Harmony. Key. Musical texture. Musical form. Performance. Musical style). Music in the middle ages. Gregorian Chant. Secular song in the middle ages. The development of polyphony : organum. Fourteenth-century music : the new art in France and Italy. Music in the Renaissance. Sacred music. Secular music. The Baroque period. The Concerto Grosso and Ritornello form. The Fugue. The elements of opera. Opera in the Baroque era. Claudio Monteverdi. Henry Purcell. The Baroque sonata. Arcangelo Corelli. Antonio Vivaldi. Johann Sebastian Bach.The Baroque suite. The chorale and the church cantata. The oratorio. George Frideric Handel. The Classical style. Composer, patron, and public in the classical period. Sonata form. Minuet and trio. Rondo. The classical symphony, concerto. Classical chamber music. Joseph Haydn. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Ludwig van Beethoven. The Romanticism in music. Romantic composers and their public. The art song. Franz Schubert. Robert Schumann. Frédéric Chopin. Franz Liszt. Felix Mendelssohn. Program music. Hector Berlioz. Nationalism in nineteenth-century music. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Bedrich Smetana. Antonin Dvorák. Johannes Brahms. Giuseppe Verdi. Giacomo Puccini. Richard Wagner. The twentieth century. Musical styles. Music and musicians in society. Impressionism and symbolism. Claude Debussy. Neoclassicism. Igor Stravinsky. Expressionism. Arnold Schoenberg. Alban Berg. Anton Webern. Béla Bartók. Charles Ives. Aaron Copland. Musical styles since 1950. Five representative pieces. The "American" art form. The slave in Ameica. The Blues. New Orleans. Ragtime. Jazz. Swing. Bebop and modern jazz. Rock 'n' roll. Rhythm and blues. Soul. Rock. The Beatles. Music on oriental Africa. Music in Sub-Saharan Africa. The music of India. Koto music of Japan.