PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION AND RIGHT HEARTEvolution of the Pulmonary Circulation and the Right HeartJohn B. WestPulmonary Vascular Function Robert NaeijeGas Exchange J.M.B. HughesRight Ventricular Function Ryan J. TedfordHeart-Lung Interactions Xavier Repess, Cyril Charron, and Antoine Vieillard-BaronPATHOBIOLOGY OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE Pathology of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Peter DorfmllerPathobiology of Pulmonary Hypertension Mark L. Ormiston and Nicholas W. MorrellPathobiology of Right Ventricular FailureAnna R. Hemnes and Evan L. BrittainCLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Clinical Features Andrew J. Peacock and A. Colin ChurchEchocardiography Lawrence Rudski and Jonathan AfilaloImaging and Pulmonary Hypertension: Chest Radiography, Ventilation-Perfusion Scintigraphy, and Computed Tomography Michael SprouleImaging: Emerging Modalities (Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Imaging) A. Vonk Noordegraaf and O.A. SpruijtExercise Testing in Pulmonary Hypertension Daniel Dumitrescu and Ronald J. OudizClinical Assessment of PH: Biomarkers Adam Torbicki, Anna Fijakowska, and Marcin KurzynaCardiac Catheterization Gabor Kovacs and Horst OlschewskiClassification of Pulmonary Hypertension Lewis J. RubinGROUP 1: PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Lewis J. RubinHeritable Pulmonary Hypertension James E. Loyd, John H. Newman, and Eric D. AustinPulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Drugs and Toxins Olivier Sitbon, Caroline OConnell, Laurent Savale, David Montani, Marc Humbert, and Gerald SimonneauPulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases Todd M. Kolb and Paul M. HassounPortopulmonary Hypertension Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba and Michael J. KrowkaPulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with HIV Infection Rudolf SpeichPulmonary Hypertension Related to Congenital Systemic-to-Pulmonary Shunts Michele DAlto and Konstantinos DimopoulosSchistosomiasis Francisca Gavilanes, Caio Julio Cesar Fernandes, Carlos Jardim, and Rogerio SouzaPulmonary Hypertension in Pregnancy Xavier Jas, Laura Claire Price, David Montani, Laurent Savale, Olivier Sitbon, Grald Simonneau, Karen M. Olsson, and Marc HumbertPulmonary Venoocclusive Disease and Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis Lewis J. RubinPulmonary Arterial Hypertension Registries Edmund M.T. Lau and Marc HumbertDRUG AND NONDRUG TREATMENT OF GROUP 1 PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION Conventional Medical Therapies: Supportive Therapies and General Clinical Care Measures Mardi Gomberg-MaitlandCalcium Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Jonathan D. Rich and Stuart RichProstacyclins Vallerie V. McLaughlin and Harold I. PalevskyEndothelin Receptor Antagonists Daniel Fox, Steven Pugliese, Jeffrey Robinson, Brian Graham, Edward C. Dempsey, Todd M. Bull, and David B. BadeschPhosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors Mark Toshner and Joanna Pepke-ZabaSoluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani, Manuel Jonas Richter, Jan Grimminger, Hennig Gall, Werner Seeger, and Friedrich GrimmingerRehabilitation Ekkehard Grnig and Nicola BenjaminCombination Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Marius M. HoeperAtrial Septostomy and Potts Procedure Julio Sandoval and Jorge GasparLung Transplantation for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Including Bridging to Transplantation Paul A. CorrisFuture of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Therapy Astrid Weiss, Tatyana Novoyatleva, Baktybek Kojonazarov, and Ralph Theo SchermulyGROUP 2: PULMONARY HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT HEART CONDITIONS World Health Organization Pulmonary Hypertension Group 2: Pulmonary Hypertension due to Left Heart Disease Gregory D. LewisDiagnosis and Clinical Relevance of Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Mitral or Aortic Valve Diseases or Congenital Left-Sided Cardiac Abnormalities Patrizio Lancellotti, Christine Selton-Suty, and Damien VoilliotTreatment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Disease Marco GuazziGROUP 3: PULMONARY HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOXIA, HYPOVENTILATION, AND LUNG DISEASE Chronic High-Altitude Exposure Dante PenalozaHypoventilation and Sleep Apnea Syndromes Ari Chaouat, Emmanuel Gomez, Magalie Mercy, Anne Guillaumot, and Franois ChabotChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Joan Albert Barbera and Isabel BlancoInterstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension Steven D. NathanCombined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema Syndrome Vincent CottinGROUP 4: CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Diagnosis of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Irene M. Lang, Daniel Dalos, and Christian GergesMedical Therapy for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Nick H. KimBalloon Pulmonary Angioplasty Hiromi Matsubara and Aiko OgawaPulmonary Thromboendarterectomy Michael M. MadaniPULMONARY HYPERTENSION WITH UNCLEAR AND/OR MULTIFACTORIAL MECHANISMS "Group 5" Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear and/or Multifactorial MechanismsAndrew J. PeacockPulmonary Hypertension in Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia Claudia R. Morris and Mark T. GladwinACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism Arnaud Perrier and Marc RighiniTreatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Stavros V. KonstantinidesPEDIATRIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Pulmonary Hypertension in Children: A Global Perspective R.M.F. BergerIdiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children Dunbar IvyPersistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: Pathophysiology and Treatment Erica Mandell, Steven H. Abman, and Robin H. SteinhornPULMONARY CIRCULATION IN CRITICAL CARE Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Laura Claire Price and S. John WortSevere Right Ventricular Failure Rebecca Vanderpool and Marc A. SimonPULMONARY CIRCULATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS Exercise Andr La GerchePulmonary Circulation at High Altitude Erik R. SwensonPULMONARY ARTERIO-VENOUS MALFORMATIONS AND SHUNTS Pulmonary Circulation After Palliative Cavopulmonary Connections Mathieu Vergnat and Elie FadelThe Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Michael B. Fallon and Moises I. Nevah RubinPulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations Claire L. ShovlinPULMONARY VASCULAR TUMORS AND PULMONARY VASCULITIS Pulmonary Vascular Tumors Demosthenes G. Papamatheakis and Kim M. KerrPulmonary Vasculitis Cassandra Batzlaff and Karina Keogh.