Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Non-native varieties of English -- 3. Some theoretical preliminaries -- 4. Towards a theoretical explanation for variation between the present perfect and preterite -- 5. The notion of complexity and the English present perfect -- 6. Metrics of complexity -- 7. Empirical design of the study and methodology -- 8. The reference variety of Standard English English (LLC) -- 9. Acrolectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) -- 10. Upper-mesolectal variety of Indian English (ICE) -- 11. Mesolectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) -- 12. Basilectal variety of Indian English (HCNVE) -- 13. Upper-mesolectal variety of East African English (ICE) -- 14. Upper-mesolectal variety of Singapore English (ICE) -- 15. Mesolectal variety of English spoken in Russia (HCNVE) -- 16. Mesolectal variety of English spoken in Germany (HCNVE) -- 17. Developing a bird's-eye perspective on the variability of the present perfect across non-native Englishes -- 18. Concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Corpora -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Index