This book is a collection of studies on recent technological developments and related challenges in laboratory and industrial applications and processes for the production of biomass-derived organic acids and alcohols. By exploring topics in catalysis, hydrothermal processes, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion, this volume offers a comprehensive overview of how biomass-derived compounds can be transformed into organic acids and essential chemicals. Focusing on laboratory and industrial applications, it highlights advantages and limitations of established methods while presenting innovative techniques for producing biomass-derived organic acids and alcohols. This book provides diverse examples of applications in producing biomass-derived organic acids, alcohols, and biogas, such as polymer enhancement additives, food waste amino acid recovery, and effective use of wastes for nutrient recycling. The scope of the text encompasses lignocellulosic biomass, agricultural residues, food wastes, biomass-derived compounds, and fundamental carbohydrates to develop overall production strategies for organic acids and alcohols. This book is tailored for professionals in academia and industry working with natural renewable materials, platform chemicals, polymers, and materials science. It also serves as a valuable reference for university students studying chemical engineering or environmental sciences. It offers critical insights into sustainable chemical production practices that are crucial for advancing renewable energy solutions.