Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Background and Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Ionic Liquids -- 1.2.1 Acidic ILs -- 1.2.2 Basic ILs -- 1.2.3 Neutral ILs with HB Donor/Acceptor -- 1.2.4 Chiral ILs -- 1.3 Structure of This Book -- References -- 2 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals -- Under Metal-free Conditions -- 2.1 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 2.1.1 Synthesis of Symmetrically Linear Carbonates -- 2.1.2 Synthesis of Asymmetrically Linear Carbonates -- 2.1.3 Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates -- 2.1.3.1 Cyclization of Epoxides with CO2 -- 2.1.3.2 Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols with CO2 -- 2.2 Synthesis of N-containing Heterocycles -- 2.2.1 Synthesis of Quinazoline-2,4(1H, 3H)-Diones -- 2.2.2 Synthesis of 2-Oxazolidinones -- 2.2.3 Synthesis of Benzimidazolones -- 2.3 Reductive Transformation of CO2 -- 2.3.1 Formylation of Amines with CO2 and Hydrosilanes -- 2.3.2 Reductive Cyclization of X (NH, S)-o-substituted -- Anilines with CO2 and Hydrosilanes -- 2.4 Synthesis of Other Compounds -- 2.5 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 3 Ionic Liquid-Mediated Reductive Transformation of Carbon Dioxide -- with Hydrogen -- 3.1 Direct Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3.1.1 CO2 Hydrogenation to CO -- 3.1.2 CO2 Hydrogenation to Formic Acid -- 3.1.3 CO2 Hydrogenation to CH4 -- 3.1.4 CO2 Hydrogenation to C2+ Hydrocarbons -- 3.2 N-formylation or N-methylation Reaction of Amines with CO2/H2 -- 3.3 Hydroformylation of Olefin with CO2/H2 -- 3.4 Hydromethylamination of Olefin with CO2/H2 and Amines -- 3.5 Carbonylation of Alcohol/Ethers with CO2/H2 -- 3.6 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquid-Based -- Electrolytes -- 4.1 Fundamentals of CO2 Electroreduction -- 4.1.1 Basic Principles of CO2 Electroreduction -- 4.1.2 Reaction Pathways of CO2 Electroreduction -- 4.2 IL-based Electrolytes for CO2 Electroreduction -- 4.2.1 CO2 Activation by IL-based Electrolytes -- 4.2.2 Influence of Chemical Structures of IL-based Electrolytes -- 4.2.2.1 Influence of Cation Structures -- 4.2.2.2 Influence of Anion Structures -- 4.2.2.3 Structural Influence of ILs for Homogeneous Electrocatalysts -- 4.2.3 Influence of Composition of the IL-based Electrolytes -- 4.3 Electroreduction of CO2 to Various Chemicals -- IL-based Electrolytes -- 4.3.1 Electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH -- 4.3.1.1 Ag-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.2 Bi-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.3 In-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.4 Pt-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.5 Sn-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.6 Cu-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.7 Mo-based Catalysts -- 4.3.1.8 Pb-based Catalysts -- 4.3.2 Electroreduction of CO2 to CO -- 4.3.2.1 Molecular Electrocatalysts -- 4.3.2.2 Single Atomic Catalysts -- 4.3.2.3 Metal Catalysts -- 4.3.2.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Catalysts -- 4.3.2.5 Metal-free Catalysts -- 4.3.3 Electroreduction of CO2 to CH3OH -- 4.3.4 Electroreduction of CO2 to CH4 -- 4.3.5 Electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ Compounds -- 4.4 Electrotransformation of CO2 into Value-added Chemicals -- 4.4.1 Electrosynthesis of Carboxylic Acids -- 4.4.2 Electrosynthesis of Organic Carbonates with CO2 -- 4.4.3 Electrosynthesis of Organic Carbamates from CO2 and Amines -- 4.4.4 Electrosynthesis of Methylanilines from CO2 -- 4.5 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 5 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Chemical Transformation of Lignocellulose -- 5.1 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transformation of Cellulose and -- Its Derivatives -- 5.1.1 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Reducing Sugars -- 5.1.2 Dehydration of Cellulose and Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural -- 5.1.3 Dehydration of Cellulose and Glucose to Levulinic Acid -- 5.1.4 Oxidation of Cellulose to Formic Acid -- 5.1.5 Transesterification of Cellulose to Cellulose Esters -- 5.1.6 Pyrolysis of Cellulose to 5-Methylfurfural -- 5.2 Ionic Liquid-catalyzed Transformation of Hemicellulose and -- Xylose to Furfural -- 5.3 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Transformation of Lignin and Its Platforms -- 5.3.1 Direct Depolymerization of Lignin -- 5.3.2 Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin and Its Derivatives -- 5.3.2.1 Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin to Vanillin -- 5.3.2.2 Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin and Derivatives to Aromatic -- Carboxylic Acids -- 5.3.2.3 Oxidative Cleavage of Lignin Aromatic Unit to Diethyl Maleate -- 5.4 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 6 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions -- 6.1 Oxidation of Alcohols/Aldehydes -- 6.1.1 Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Esters -- 6.1.2 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones -- 6.2 Oxidation of Organic Sulfides and Oxidative Desulfurization -- 6.2.1 Oxidation of Organic Sulfides -- 6.2.2 Oxidative Desulfurization -- 6.2.2.1 Polyoxometalates-based IL Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization -- 6.2.2.2 Acidic Ionic Liquids for Oxidative Desulfurization -- 6.3 Oxidative Cyclization of Olefins and Allylic Alcohols -- 6.4 Oxidation of Amines -- 6.5 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation -- 6.6 Oxidation of Other Compounds -- 6.6.1 Oxidation of Oxime -- 6.6.2 Oxidation of Toluene -- 6.6.3 Oxidation of Organic Halides -- 6.7 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 7 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Water−Involved Reactions -- 7.1 Dehydrative Esterification -- 7.1.1 Acidic Ionic Liquids -- 7.1.2 Basic Ionic Liquids -- 7.2 Dehydrative Etherification of Alcohols -- 7.3 Dehydration Alkenylation -- 7.4 Dehydrative Amidation -- 7.5 Ionic Liquid-catalyzed Hydration Reaction -- 7.5.1 Hydration of Alkynes -- 7.5.2 Hydration Reaction of Propargyl Alcohols -- 7.5.3 Hydration Reaction of Nitriles -- 7.5.4 Hydration of Epoxides -- 7.6 Hydrolysis of Esters/Ethers -- 7.6.1 Hydrolysis of Ester -- 7.6.2 Hydrolysis of Cyclic Carbonate -- 7.7 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Other Organic Reactions -- 8.1 Alkylation Reaction -- 8.1.1 Alkylation of Olefins -- 8.1.2 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation -- 8.2 Michael Addition Reaction -- 8.2.1 Aza-Michael Reaction -- 8.2.2 Synthesis of Chiral Chemicals -- 8.3 Diels-Alder Reactions -- 8.4 Markovnikov Addition -- 8.5 Knoevenagel Condensation -- 8.6 Aldol Condensation Reaction -- 8.7 Ring-Closing C-O/C-O and C-O/O-H Bond Metathesis -- 8.7.1 Ring-Closing Metathesis of Aliphatic Diethers -- 8.7.2 Metathesis of Alkyloxy Alcohols -- 8.8 Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- 9 Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Recycling of Spent Polymers -- 9.1 Degradation of Polyesters -- 9.1.1 Degradation of PET -- 9.1.1.1 Hydrolysis of PET -- 9.1.1.2 Alcoholysis of PET -- 9.1.1.3 Aminolysis of PET -- 9.1.2 Degradation of PLA -- 9.1.2.2 Hydrolysis of PLA -- 9.1.2.3 Aminolysis of PLA -- 9.1.3 Degradation of PHB -- 9.1.3.1 Methanolysis of PHB -- 9.1.3.2 Decomposition of PHB -- 9.1.4 Degradation of PSS -- 9.1.5 Degradation of PC -- 9.1.5.1 Hydrolysis of PC -- 9.1.5.2 Alcoholysis of PC -- 9.1.5.3 Ammonolysis of PC -- 9.1.6 Methanolysis of PCL -- 9.1.7 General Approaches to Decompose Polyesters to Carboxylic Acids -- 9.2 Degradation of Polyamides -- 9.3 Upcycling of Polyolefins -- 9.4 Co-upcycling of Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyester.

9.5 Remarks and Perspectives -- References 351 Index 357Why Do Affirmations Work? 174 The Power of Writing Things Down 175 Daily Affirmations 176 Feel It, See It, Live It 177 Step 6: Have Role Models 178 Step 7: Research Before You Begin 181 Step 8: Create a Strategic Plan 183 Step 9: Create Your Dream Team 184 Step 10: Move Before You're Ready 187 Step 11: Do Whatever It Takes 189 Step 12: Focus on Your Goals 191 Closing Words 195 Sources and Literature 199 About the Author 201 Index.