PART I. NIV and ARF: Transmission, Physiopathology, Equipment and Technology -- Mechanical ventilation and history in pandemics -- Pre-hospital ARF -- Hospital Organizations -- Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome during intubation and mechanical ventilation -- Rationale of Acute Respiratory Failure treatments in high risk infections -- Rationale of ARF approach in mass causalities -- Pathophysiology-High risk infections -- Nasal high flow oxygen equipment -- CPAP systems -- What Interface? -- NIV via different face masks / Helmets -- Humidification and aerosol therapy -- Models to assess air and particle dispersion -- Droplet dispersion during noninvasive oxygen therapy, nebulizer treatment and chest physic -- Part II. Summary of Clinical Experience, Guidelines, Protocols and Outcome -- NIV in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) -- NIV in avian flu -- NIV in H1N1 -- NIV support in coronavirus (COVID-19) -- NIV in Acute Immunodeficiency Diseases -- NIV in Legionella pneumophila -- NIV in Tuberculosis -- NIV transplants and immunocompromised -- Nasal high flow in high risk pediatric neonatology -- Nasal high flow in high risk pediatric infections -- Guidelines and protocol -- Prognostic factors in high risk infections -- Part III. Strategies to Control Infections in Hospitals -- Negative pressure rooms or well ventilated rooms -- Bacterial and viral filters to the expiratory circuit -- Personal protection equipment for health care workers -- Part IV. Failure Noninvasive Ventilator Approach -- Failure nasal high flow oxygen in high risk infections -- NIV-Reports of national surveys in epidemic- and pandemic -- Failure of noninvasive ventilator approach in high risk infections. Key determinants -- Endotracheal intubation in high risk infections -- Airway management in failure noninvasive ventilation in high risk infections -- Radiology findings in acute respiratory failure in common high risk infections -- Part V. Procedures in NIV Approach. Guidelines, Recommendations and its Effectiveness in ARF Treatment -- Bronchoscopy and non- invasive ventilation in high risk infections -- Summary of effectiveness of NIV in the treatment of acute respiratory failure -- Part VI. NIV in the Treatment of ARF: Biological and Non-biological Mass Causalities -- Hospital Bioterrorism Response. Programs -- Influenza and other airborne infections -- Massive intoxications -- NIV in Politrauma -- Burn -- Chemical disasters -- PART VII. Outcome, Ethics, Palliative and Do Not Endotracheal Intubation -- Health Organizations guidelines -- Outcome noninvasive ventilator approach in high risk infections -- Ethical dilemmas and do not endotracheal intubation orders -- PART VIII. Future Research About NIV Approach in High Risk Infections, Mass Casualties and Pandemics -- Lessons for lasts pandemics and for the future.