Principles of Neuromodulation -- Methods and Technologies for Low-Intensity Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Waveforms, Terminology, and Historical Notes -- Peripheral Nerve Stimulation -- Spinal Cord Stimulation -- Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: A Target for Neuromodulation Therapies -- Deep Brain Stimulation -- Motor Cortex Stimulation -- Physiological Basis of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Protocols and Physiological Mechanisms of Action -- Customization of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Susceptible Populations Including at the Extremes of Age, Obesity, and Stroke -- Cranial Electrical Stimulation -- The Mechanisms and Actions of Motor Imagery Within the Clinical Setting -- Neuroprosthesis and Sensory-Motor Training -- Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation in Psychiatry -- Applications of Neuromodulation in Pain Management -- Applications of Neuromodulation in Neurology and Neurorehabilitation -- Neuromodulation for Addiction -- Enhancement of Sensory and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects -- Conclusive Overview.